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Stith Thompson Motif Index
About this index and how to read it
Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature classifies recurring narrative elements in folktales, myths, legends, ballads and related traditional narratives. Each entry below gives Thompson's motif reference and the description recorded in the index.
The index is large, so this browser displays 250 entries per page. You can search by motif reference or by words in the description, restrict the results to one of Thompson's main letter categories, and click motif references mentioned inside descriptions to follow cross-references. Individual motif pages also show any ATU tale types whose concordance explicitly cites that Thompson reference.
All
A
Mythological Motifs
B
Animal Motifs
C
Motifs of Tabu
D
Magic
E
The Dead
F
Marvels
G
Ogres
H
Tests
J
The Wise and the Foolish
K
Deceptions
L
Reversals of Fortune
M
Ordaining the Future
N
Chance and Fate
P
Society
Q
Rewards and Punishments
R
Captives and Fugitives
S
Unnatural Cruelty
T
Sex
U
The Nature of Life
V
Religion
W
Traits of Character
X
Humor
Z
Miscellaneous Groups of Motifs
| Thompson reference ▲ | Description |
|---|---|
| E422.1.11 | Revenant as part of body. |
| E422.1.11.1 | Revenant as an eye. U.S.: Baughman. |
| E422.1.11.2 | Revenant as face or head. England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E422.1.11.3 | Ghost as hand or hands. England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E422.1.11.4 | Revenant as skeleton. U.S.: Baughman. |
| E422.1.11.5 | Revenant as blood. U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E422.1.11.5.1 | Ineradicable bloodstain after bloody tragedy. England, Ireland, U.S.: *Baughman. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn IV 267ff. |
| E422.2 | Color of revenant. (Cf. F527.) |
| E422.2.1 | Revenant red. Fb. "rød" III 117a. |
| E422.2.2 | Revenant green. Wimberly 240. |
| E422.2.3 | Revenant gray. Tobler 64, 89. |
| E422.2.4 | Revenant black. Irish: Cross, O'Suilleabhain 63, Beal XXI 324. |
| E422.3 | Size of revenant. |
| E422.3.1 | Revenant as small man. Wimberly 244; Tobler 64, 89; England: *Baughman. |
| E422.3.2 | Revenant as a very large man (giant). (Cf. F531.) Scotland, Canada, U.S.: *Baughman; Cheremis: Sebeok-Nyerges. |
| E422.4 | Dress of revenant. |
| E422.4.1 | Revenant with hat of birch. Wimberly 243. Note: in the motifs immediately following, it is frequently impossible to tell whether the spectral ghost (E421) or the living corpse (E422) is thought of. |
| E422.4.2 | Ghost with bonnet pulled down over her face. North Carolina: Brown Collection I 681. |
| E422.4.3 | Ghost in white. North Carolina: Brown Collection I 681f. |
| E422.4.4 | Revenant in female dress. England, Scotland, U.S., Wales: *Baughman. |
| E422.4.5 | Revenant in male dress. England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E422.4.6 | Revenant in red cap. North Carolina: Brown Collection I 670. |
| E423 | Revenant in animal form. *Rosén Om Själavandringstro; *Fb "spøgelse" III 521a; Breton: Sébillot Incidents s.v. "mort"; Scotland, England, U.S.: *Baughman; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 243. |
| E423.1 | Revenant as domestic animal. |
| E423.1.1 | Revenant as dog. (Cf. E421.3.6.) *Rosén Om Själavandringstro 14; *Fb "spøgelse" III 521a, "hund" I 675b, 676a, "præst" II 886a; Tobler 49, 54, 68; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 313 No. 92; German: Grimm No. 4; England, Scotland, Wales, U.S.: *Baughman; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 243; North Carolina: Brown Collection I 675, 684. |
| E423.1.1.1 | Color of ghostly dog. Canada, England, U.S., Wales: *Baughman. |
| E423.1.1.2 | Features of ghostly dog. |
| E423.1.1.2.1 | Headless ghostly dog. (Cf. B15.1.1, E422.1.1.) England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E423.1.1.2.2 | Human-headed ghostly dog. (Cf. B25.) England: *Baughman. |
| E423.1.2 | Revenant as cat. Type 326; Rosén Om Själavandringstro 16; *Fb "kat" II 107b; Tobler 42, 47, 56; England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E423.1.3 | Revenant as horse. (Cf. F401.3.1.) Rosén Om Själavandringstro 16; *Handwb. d. Abergl. VI 1614f., IX Nachträge 168; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 243; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E423.1.3.1 | Revenant as three-legged horse. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 313 No. 81, 326 No. 18. |
| E423.1.3.2 | Revenant as mare. Herbert III 380. |
| E423.1.3.3 | Revenant as headless horse. (See E422.1.1, E535.1.) England, Wales: *Baughman. |
| E423.1.3.4 | Revenant as white horse. England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E423.1.3.5 | Actions of ghostly horse. England: *Baughman. |
| E423.1.4 | Revenant as ass. Tobler 89; England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E423.1.5 | Revenant as swine. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 316 No. 134f.; England, Ireland, U.S.: *Baughman; Irish: Beal XXI 310, O'Suilleabhain 31. |
| E423.1.6 | Revenant as lamb. Tobler 56; England: Baughman. |
| E423.1.7 | Revenant as ram. Tobler 51. |
| E423.1.8 | Revenant as cow. Tobler 50.—Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 334b s.v. "Geister"; England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E423.1.8.1 | Revenant as calf. (Cf. E521.4.) Cheremis: Sebeok-Nyerges. |
| E423.1.9 | Revenant as goat. England. U.S.: *Baughman; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 243. |
| E423.2 | Revenant as wild animal. |
| E423.2.1 | Revenant as bear. (Cf. E522.2.) Tobler 56. |
| E423.2.2 | Revenant as rabbit (hare). *Fb "hare" I 556a; Rosén Om Själavandringstro 15; Tobler 52; England: *Baughman; Irish: O'Suilleabhain 56. |
| E423.2.3 | Revenant as fox. Fb "ræv" III 113a; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 310 No. 24. |
| E423.2.4 | Revenant as hedgehog. Hartland Science 247. |
| E423.2.5 | Revenant as seal. Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E423.2.6 | Revenant as deer. U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E423.2.7 | Revenant as wolf. U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E423.2.8 | Revenant as rat. England, Ireland: *Baughman. |
| E423.2.9 | Revenant as "man-monkey". England: *Baughman. |
| E423.2.10 | Revenant in tiger form. Chinese: Graham. |
| E423.2.11 | Revenant as mouse. Africa (Wachaga): Gutman 35. |
| E423.2.12 | Revenant as squirrel. Africa (Wachaga): Gutman 35. |
| E423.3 | Revenant as bird. Tobler 34; Krappe Balor 96—97; Irish: Cross, Beal XXI 332, O'Suilleabhain 99; England, U.S.: *Baughman; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 243. |
| E423.3.1 | Revenant as dove. Tobler 30; Krappe Balor 96—97; Irish myth: Cross; U.S.: Baughman. |
| E423.3.2 | Revenant as swan. Tobler 34; England: Baughman. |
| E423.3.3 | Revenant as partridge. Tobler 32. |
| E423.3.4 | Revenant as raven. Swiss: Jegerlehner Obervallis 329 No. 56; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn II (1893) 127ff., 132, (1928) 91ff.; Krappe Balor 96—97. |
| E423.3.5 | Revenant as owl. Tobler 31f.; Krappe Balor 96—97; U.S.: *Baughman; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E423.3.6 | Revenant as hen. Sometimes with chickens. Tobler 33. |
| E423.3.7 | Revenant as goose. Type 403; Tobler 34; England: *Baughman. |
| E423.3.8 | Revenant as crow. Krappe Balor 97. |
| E423.3.9 | Revenant as sea-gull. Krappe Balor 97. |
| E423.3.10 | Revenant as duck. Type 403; England: Baughman. |
| E423.3.11 | Revenant as bean-goose. Wales: *Baughman. |
| E423.4 | Revenant as frog. Tobler 86. |
| E423.5 | Revenant as snake (serpent). Tobler 22, 55f.—Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 334b s.v. "Geister"; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 243. |
| E423.6 | Revenant as centaur. U.S.: Baughman. |
| E423.7 | Revenant as fly. England: Baughman. |
| E423.8 | Revenant as spider. England: Baughman. |
| E423.9 | Revenant as eel. Irish: O'Suilleabhain 93. |
| E424 | Revenant as dwarf. *Gould They who await the Second Death (Scandinavian Studies and Notes IX 167); Tobler 65. |
| E425 | Revenant in human form. |
| E425.1 | Revenant as woman. |
| E425.1.1 | Revenant as lady in white. *M. Waehler Die Weisse Frau (Erfurt, 1931); Fb "jomfru" II 43a; Tobler 68, 90; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 239; England, Scotland, Wales, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E425.1.2 | Revenant as naked woman. Pauli (ed. Bolte) No. 228; Tobler 67. |
| E425.1.3 | Revenant as seductive woman. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 303 No. 24. |
| E425.1.4 | Revenant as woman carrying baby. Tobler 90; U.S.: Baughman. |
| E425.1.5 | Revenant as woman riding hog. Walz MLN XVI 130ff. |
| E425.1.6 | Revenant as horrible female figure. Covered with snakes and toads. English: Wells 61 (The Awntyrs off Arthure at the Terne Wathelyne). |
| E425.1.7 | Revenant as woman with seal's head. Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E425.2 | Revenant as man. Irish: O'Suilleabhain 101, 103, Beal XXI 332f. |
| E425.2.1 | Revenant as old man. German: Grimm No. 4; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 334b s.v. "Geister". |
| E425.2.2 | Revenant as man with horse's head. England: Baughman. |
| E425.2.3 | Revenant as priest or parson. (Cf. E338.5, E417.) England, Ireland, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E425.2.4 | Revenant as American Indian. U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E425.2.5 | Revenant as piper. Irish: O'Suilleabhain 62. |
| E425.3 | Revenant as child. Tobler 66f.; England: *Baughman; Irish: O'Suilleabhain 100, Beal XXI 332. |
| E426 | Revenant as object. |
| E426.1 | Ghost in shape of a bag. Lithuanian: Balys Ghosts. |
| E426.2 | Revenant as a rolling cask. Cheremis: Sebeok-Nyerges. |
| E430 | Defense against ghosts and the dead. Frazer The Fear of the Dead (London, 1933—36); Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 335b s.v. "Geister"; Irish myth: *Cross; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 309; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 251. |
| E431 | Precautions at funeral against revenant. |
| E431.0.1 | Test for presence of demons in corpses. Irish myth: Cross. |
| E431.1 | Burial service read into hat to prevent dead walking. *Fb "hat" I 563b, "gjenganger" I 444a. |
| E431.2 | Water thrown on corpse to prevent return. *Fb "død" I 228a, "gjenganger" I 444a. |
| E431.3 | Mould thrown on corpse to prevent return. Fb "muld" II 619a. |
| E431.4 | Coffin carried through hole in wall to prevent return of dead. Fb "gjenganger" I 444a; Frazer JAI XV 70; England, Scotland: *Baughman; Indonesia: Kruyt Het Animisme 264ff., Elshout De Kenja-Dejaks uit het Apo-Kajanggebied (Den Haag, 1926) 62. |
| E431.5 | Limbs of dead fettered to prevent return. Von Trauwitz-Hellweg Urmensch und Totenglaube. 134ff.; Meyer Germanen 102; Wimberly 254; England: *Baughman; Africa: Frobenius Atlantis I 15f. |
| E431.6 | Turf laid on breast of dead to prevent return. Wimberly 256. |
| E431.7 | Beheaded man's head laid at feet to prevent return. *Fb "hoved" I 655b; England: Baughman; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 252. |
| E431.7.1 | Beheaded man's head laid at back to prevent return. *Fb "hoved" I 655b; Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E431.7.2 | Decapitating in order to prevent return. Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E431.7.2.1 | Head of beheaded man separated from body (by walking between them) to prevent return. (Cf. E721.1.2.2.) Irish myth: *Cross. |
| E431.8 | Dog buried alive to prevent ghosts from walking. *Fb "hund" I 677a. |
| E431.9 | Ashes of dead thrown on water to prevent return. Levy-Bruhl L'âme primitive 332ff.; Icelandic: *Boberg; Finno-Ugric: Holmberg Finno-Ugric 386, Mansikka Religion der Ostslaven (Helsinki, 1922) 220, 231; Jamaica: *Beckwith MAFLS XVII 266 No. 72. |
| E431.9.1 | Head of corpse thrown on water to prevent return. Icelandic: Boberg. |
| E431.9.2 | Corpses thrown in water to prevent return. Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E431.10 | Corpse buried under stone so that sun will not shine on him again. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 305 No. 1. |
| E431.10.1 | Corpse buried under stones. Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E431.11 | Coin placed in mouth of dead to prevent return. *Fb "død" I 228a; Wesselski Archiv Orientální I 77; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E431.12 | Pins stuck in soles of dead man's feet to prevent return. Fb "død" I 228a. |
| E431.13 | Corpse burned to prevent return. Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E431.14 | Tall wall around grave to prevent return. Icelandic: Eyrbyggja saga ch. XXXIV 14 in ASB VI, Boberg. |
| E431.15 | People touch corpse before burial to avoid seeing ghost of dead person after burial. England: *Baughman. |
| E431.16 | Burial of suicide to prevent walking. (Cf. E334.7, E411.1.1, E441.) |
| E431.16.1 | Suicide buried head (or face) downward. (If corpse moves it. only goes deeper into ground.) England: *Baughman. |
| E431.16.2 | Suicide buried with stake through heart (body). (Cf. E442.) England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E431.16.3 | Suicide buried at crossroads. (Cf. E434.4.) England: Baughman. |
| E431.17 | Criminals buried at crossroads to prevent walking. (Cf. E434.4.) Wales: Baughman. |
| E431.18 | Body cut up and buried in vessels, buried in bag. England: Baughman. |
| E431.19 | Burial of corpse at midnight to prevent walking. England: Baughman. |
| E431.20 | Coffin with iron band made to keep corpse from returning as tiger. Chinese: Graham. |
| E432 | Ghost deceived. |
| E432.1 | Haunting ghost deceived so that he cannot find road to return. Jellinek Zs. f. Vksk. XIV 323. |
| E432.2 | Dead man visiting wife deceived by wife's absurd actions—"no more absurd than ghost visiting wife". (Cf. E321.2, E474.) Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3547; Balys Ghosts. |
| E432.3 | Woman drying hair scares soul returning from the dead. Eskimo (Greenland): Rink 452. |
| E433 | Ghosts placated by sacrifices. India: Thompson-Balys; Africa (Ekoi): Talbot 7, 9. |
| E433.1 | Mould put on table for the dead. Fb "muld" II 619a. |
| E433.2 | Possessions buried with dead. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E433.3 | Animals sacrificed so that dead have food on way to other world. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E433.4 | Ghosts pleased by human sacrifices. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E433.4.1 | Ghosts killed by sacrifice of buffaloes. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E434 | Magic protection against revenants. Irish myth: Cross. |
| E434.1 | Hiding from ghosts under church bell. *Fb "kirkeklokke" II 131a, "gjenganger" I 443b. |
| E434.2 | Hiding from ghosts in pulpit. Fb "predikestol" II 882b. |
| E434.3 | Ghosts cannot cross rapid stream. *Fb "gjenganger" I 443b; U.S.: Baughman. |
| E434.4 | Ghosts cannot pass crossroads. (Cf. E431.16, E431.17.) Fb "korsvej" II 277a. |
| E434.5 | Steel as protection against revenants. Fb "stеl" III 647a. |
| E434.6 | Keys as protection against revenants. (Cf. D1176.) Wimberly 255. |
| E434.7 | Knives as protection against revenants. (Cf. D1173.) Wimberly 255. |
| E434.8 | Ghost cannot pass cross or prayerbook. (Cf. D1266.) Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 335b s.v. "Geister"; Icelandic: Boberg. |
| E434.8.1 | Ghost cannot harm person wearing a cross. England: Baughman. |
| E434.9 | Candle light protection against ghost. Icelandic: Bárdar saga Snaefellsáss, ed. Vigfússon 1860, 42—43, Boberg. |
| E434.10 | Ghost cannot cross new door sill. U.S.: Baughman. |
| E436 | Ghost detected. |
| E436.1 | Ghost detected by strewing ashes. Their footprints remain in the ashes. Fb "spor" III 500a; Gaster Germania XXV (1880) 290ff.; Dh III 153; Hdwb. d. Abergl. III 297; Güntert Kalypso 75; Kruyt Het Animisme 398; Mansikka Religion der Ostslaven (Helsinki, 1922) 181, 184. |
| E436.2 | Cats crossing one's path sign of ghosts. North Carolina: Brown Collection I 677. |
| E436.3 | Bats flying in house sign of ghosts. North Carolina: Brown Collection I 677. |
| E437 | Revenants banished. Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E437.1 | Revenants banished to glaciers and uninhabited places. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 296 No. 27. |
| E437.2 | Ghost laid in body of water. England, Ireland, Wales: *Baughman. |
| E437.3 | Ghost driven into body of dead crow, buried under path. England: Baughman. |
| E437.4 | Ghost laid under stone. England: *Baughman. |
| E437.5 | Ghost laid under tree. England: Baughman. |
| E437.6 | Ghost laid and confined inside building. England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E437.7 | Ghost laid and confined in sheepfold. England: Baughman. |
| E439 | Other protection against revenants. |
| E439.1 | Revenant forced away by shooting. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 335b s.v. "Geister"; Africa (Cameroons): Mansfield 227. |
| E439.2 | Dwarfs magically keep ghosts from rising. Icelandic: Göngu Hrolfssaga 337. |
| E439.3 | Dog saves man from malevolent living corpse. Dog killed, man safe. (Cf. B524.1.1.) Lithuanian: Balys Legends Nos. 698f. |
| E439.4 | Seeds of poppy poured into revenant's mouth. Lithuanian: Balys Ghosts. |
| E439.5 | Revenant forced away by fire. Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E439.6 | Ghosts cannot come near spayed bitch. England: Baughman. |
| E439.7 | Ghost will not approach a light left burning. England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E439.8 | Ghost will vanish if seer walks around it nine times. (Cf. D1791, D1273.1.5.) England: Baughman. |
| E439.9 | Ghost will not return if door is removed and hung backwards. (Cf. D1783.) England: Baughman. |
| E439.10 | Ghost will not come near person who anoints self with new honey. U.S.: Baughman. |
| E440 | Walking ghost "laid". *Jellinek Zs. f. Vksk. XIV 324; *v. Negelein ibid. XIV 20ff.; Irish: Beal XXI 332; Icelandic: *Boberg; Spanish: Boggs FFC XC 53 No. 400A*; Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 114 No. 6. |
| E441 | Ghost laid by reburial. Icelandic: Boberg; Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 115 No. 12; Finnish: Aarne FFC XXXIII 39 No. 12; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3590; U.S.: Baughman. Cf. Gaster Exempla 222 No. 175. |
| E441.1 | Ghost laid when leg is buried. Fb "løse" II 517a. |
| E441.2 | Ghost laid by placing stones in throat of the corpse. Cheremis: Sebeok-Nyerges. |
| E441.3 | Corpse exhumed and heart cremated to lay ghost. Africa (Bena Makuni): Torrend Specimens of Bantu Folklore 72. |
| E442 | Ghost laid by piercing grave (corpse) with stake. (Cf. D712.10, E431.16.2.) *Fb "pæl" II 904ab, "jærn" II 61a; England, U.S.: *Baughman; Icelandic: *Boberg; Irish myth: Cross; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3546B, Legends No. 698, Ghosts; S. A. Indian (Cashinawa): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 686. |
| E442.1 | Hunting woman beaten with sticks of rowan-tree and ankles of corpse tied with branches of same tree. Lithuanian: Balys Ghosts. |
| E442.2 | Ghost laid by burial outside village on far side of stream, with four iron nails driven into the corners of the grave. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E443 | Ghost exorcized and laid. *Fb "bande" IV 24a, "Jesus" II 41a; Tobler 65; Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 115 No. 11; Finnish: Aarne FFC XXXIII 39 No. 11; Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 7 No. 51, 27 No. 243; New York: Jones JAFL LVII 251; West Indies: Flowers 430. |
| E443.0.1 | Laying ghost causes great storm. (Cf. D2141.) England: *Baughman. |
| E443.0.2 | Protection during ghost-laying ceremony. England: Baughman. |
| E443.1 | Ghost laid by blessing grave. Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 115 No. 10. |
| E443.2 | Ghost laid by prayer. Fb "løse" II 517b; Icelandic: Boberg; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 336 s.v. "Geister, Erlösung". |
| E443.2.1 | Ghost laid by saying masses. Irish: O'Suilleabhain 95, 99, Beal XXI 330, 332; Scotch: Macdougall and Calder 319; English: Wells 61 (Awntyrs off Arthure at the Terne Wathelyne); U.S.: Baughman (E341.3.2.). |
| E443.2.1.1 | The dead man: "Sell my golden teeth and pay for a mass for my soul." Lithuanian: Balys Ghosts. |
| E443.2.2 | Ghost laid by formulistic prayer. England: *Baughman. |
| E443.2.3 | Ghost laid by confessor to priest. Irish: O'Suilleabhain 99. |
| E443.2.4 | Ghost laid by priest (minister). England, Ireland, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E443.2.4.1 | Ghost laid by group of ministers. By prayer and services, usually with "bell, book, and candle" or some modification of the procedure. England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E443.3 | Ghosts exorcized by name. Fb "navn" II 675b. |
| E443.4 | Ghost laid by raising a cross. Icelandic: Boberg; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 336 s.v. "Geister, Erlösung". |
| E443.5 | Ghost laid by adjuring it to leave "in the name of God." Wales: Baughman. |
| E443.6 | Ghost laid by baptizing children in its presence. England: *Baughman. |
| E443.7 | Ghost laid by fasting. England: Baughman. |
| E443.8 | Ghost laid by Bible. England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E443.9 | Ghost laid by consecrated water. Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E444 | Ghost laid by talisman. Breton: Sébillot Incidents s.v. "fantфme"; Eskimo (Mackenzie Area): Jenness 62. |
| E445 | Ghost laid by barring off. |
| E445.1 | Ghost comes through certain crevice: when this is barred she never returns. Tobler 92. |
| E446 | Ghost killed and thus finally laid. N. A. Indian (Sioux): Dorsey RBAE XI 491f., (Fox): Jones PAES I 101 No. 7, (Osage): Dorsey FM VII 26 No. 21; Eskimo: Kroeber JAFL XII 181, (Greenland): Holm 55, Rasmussen III 182. |
| E446.1 | Corpse magically killed and laid. N. A. Indian (Tlingit): Swanton BBAE XXXIX 248 No. 86. |
| E446.2 | Ghost laid by burning body. *Fb "spøgelse" III 522a, "brænde" IV 69a.—Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E446.2.1 | Ghost laid by burning lock of hair. Spanish Exempla: Keller. |
| E446.3 | Ghost laid by decapitating body. Icelandic: *Boberg; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3546A, Legends No. 621. |
| E446.3.1 | Ghost laid by beating body to pieces. Irish: O'Suilleabhain 99. |
| E446.4 | Slain ghost carried off by other ghosts. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E446.5 | Ghost laid by pushing it into water. S. A. Indian (Cashinawa): Métraux RBAE CXLIII (3) 685. |
| E451 | Ghost finds rest when certain thing happens. |
| E451.1 | Ghost laid when crime has been confessed. (Cf. E412.5.) Fb "løse" II 517a. |
| E451.1.1 | Corpse cannot be laid until after he has confided the secret of magic charms. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E451.2 | Ghost laid when penance is done. (Cf. E411.0.2.1.) Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 336 s.v. "Geister, Erlösung". |
| E451.3 | Ghost laid when vow is fulfilled. (Cf. E415.3.) Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 336 s.v. "Geister, Erlösung"; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn V (1897) 266ff., (1934) 196ff.; Icelandic: Boberg; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E451.4 | Ghost laid when living man speaks to it. Fb "løse" II 517a; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 336 s.v. "Geister, Erlösung". |
| E451.4.1 | Ghost asked to identify self "in name of God." U.S.: Baughman. |
| E451.5 | Ghost laid when treasure is unearthed. Fb "løse" II 517b; India: Thompson-Balys; Japanese: Ikeda (Cf. E371ff.). |
| E451.5.1 | Money must be distributed to beggars so that ghost may be laid. Lithuanian: Balys Ghosts. |
| E451.6 | Beggar's ghost laid when pig bought with money taken from him is brought to his grave. Sinks in grave. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. *842. |
| E451.7 | Bearded woman ghost laid by shaving her. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3560; Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 72 No. 216. |
| E451.8 | Ghost laid when house it haunts is destroyed or changed. U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E451.9 | Ghost laid when revenge is accomplished. Korean: Zong in-Sob 122f. |
| E451.10 | Ghost laid when rest of poem is recited. Japanese: Ikeda. |
| E452 | Ghost laid at cockcrow (dawn). Fb "spøgelse" III 519b, "kok" IV 272b; Köhler-Bolte III 581; Wimberly 248.—Breton: Sébillot Incidents s.v. "coq"; Scotch: Campbell Tales II 94—112 passim; English: Child II 228, V 294; Finnish, Swedish: Wessman 1 No. 6; India: *Thompson-Balys; Melanesian, Polynesian: *Dixon 141 n. 24; Kai (German New Guinea): ibid. 144; N. A. Indian (Seneca): Curtin-Hewitt RBAE XXXII 96 No. 7, (Teton): Dorsey AA o.s. II (1889) 151. |
| E452.1 | Dead quiescent during day. N. A. Indian (California): Gayton and Newman 99. |
| E452.2 | Ghost invisible during day. N. A. Indian (California): Gayton and Newman 99. |
| E453 | Ghost transformed into animal. (Cf. D100, E423.) England: *Baughman. |
| E454 | Ghost is laid by giving it a never-ending or impossible task. (Cf. H900, H1010.) England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| E456 | Man raises corpses and gets their shrouds, then "lays" them again. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E459 | Other exorcism practices. |
| E459.1 | Ghost demands a body and soul before it will agree to be laid. Monk provides cock and sole of shoe. England: Baughman. |
| E459.2 | Ghost laid when bones are brought to home country from foreign soil. England: Baughman. |
| E459.3 | Ghost laid when its wishes are acceded to. England: Baughman. |
| E459.4 | Ghost bound and jailed. England: Baughman. |
| E459.5 | Ghost laid at midnight. U.S.: Baughman. |
| E459.6 | Ghost laid by burying bell from church in one pond, the clapper in another. If the two ever come together again, the ghost can walk. England: Baughman. |
| E459.7 | Ghost laid when his skull is thrown into the Ganges. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| E460 | Revenants in conflict. |
| E461 | Fight of revenant with living person. (Cf. E261.1.3.) Fb "spøgelse" III 520b; Irish myth: *Cross; Icelandic: *Boberg; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3542, Legends No. 882; N. A. Indian (Teton): Dorsey AA o.s. II (1889) 150, (Passamaquoddy): Leland Algonquin Legends 349, (Seneca): Curtin-Hewitt RBAE XXXII 96 No. 7. |
| E461.1 | Revenant challenged to combat. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 298 No. 12; Wales: Baughman. |
| E461.2 | Fight of living person with dead in the grave. Andrews MPh X 601ff.; Icelandic: Herrmann Saxo II 367ff., MacCulloch Eddic 309—11, *Boberg. |
| E462 | Revenant overawed by living person. *Fb "student"; Icelandic: Boberg; Welsh: Baughman. |
| E463 | Living man in dead man's shroud. Refuses to let corpse return to grave before he tells how to resuscitate woman living man has killed. Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 114 No. 7; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3543. |
| E464 | Revenant tricked or jeered into a bottle, corked up and put in safe place. (Cf. D2177.1.) England: *Baughman. |
| E465 | Revenant rewards its conqueror. Irish: Curtin Myths and Folklore of Ireland (Boston, 1889) 127; Egypt (ancient): Petrie II 87. |
| E467 | Revenants fight each other. *Krappe Balor 145ff.; Fb "spøgelse" III 520b; Icelandic: *Boberg. |
| E467.1 | Two dead men struggle over living man. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3548, Balys Ghosts. |
| E470 | Intimate relations of dead and living. |
| E471 | Ghost kisses living person. *Fb "gjenganger" I 444a. |
| E472 | Revenant sleeps in same bed with living but without contact. U.S.: Baughman. |
| E474 | Cohabitation of living person and ghost. This usually involves sexual relations. (Cf. E321.2, E322.6, E339, E378.) Liebrecht 49; Aly Volksmärchen bei Herodot (Göttingen, 1921) 153; H. Schreuer Zs. d. vgl. Rechtswissenschaft XXXIII (1916) 350 n.; Corsican: Ortoli 332; India: Thompson-Balys; Icelandic: Boberg; New Hebrides: Codrington 379; N. A. Indian (Tlingit): Swanton BBAE XXXIX 249 No. 86, (Teton): Dorsey JAFL I 68, (Blackfoot): Wissler and Duvall PaAM II 154 No. 10 (head of murdered woman continues to live with husband), Grinnell Blackfoot Lodge Tales (New York, 1923) 70, (Hopi): Voth FM VIII 33, (Zuсi): Cushing 48 No. 2, (Thompson River): Teit JE VIII 281 No. 46, (Quileute): Farrand-Mayer JAFL XXXII 268 No. 12, (Klickitat): Alexander N. Am. 147; Eskimo (Greenland): Rink 454, Rasmussen III 84; Africa (Ekoi): Talbot 280. |
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