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Stith Thompson Motif Index
About this index and how to read it
Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature classifies recurring narrative elements in folktales, myths, legends, ballads and related traditional narratives. Each entry below gives Thompson's motif reference and the description recorded in the index.
The index is large, so this browser displays 250 entries per page. You can search by motif reference or by words in the description, restrict the results to one of Thompson's main letter categories, and click motif references mentioned inside descriptions to follow cross-references. Individual motif pages also show any ATU tale types whose concordance explicitly cites that Thompson reference.
All
A
Mythological Motifs
B
Animal Motifs
C
Motifs of Tabu
D
Magic
E
The Dead
F
Marvels
G
Ogres
H
Tests
J
The Wise and the Foolish
K
Deceptions
L
Reversals of Fortune
M
Ordaining the Future
N
Chance and Fate
P
Society
Q
Rewards and Punishments
R
Captives and Fugitives
S
Unnatural Cruelty
T
Sex
U
The Nature of Life
V
Religion
W
Traits of Character
X
Humor
Z
Miscellaneous Groups of Motifs
| Thompson reference | Description ▲ |
|---|---|
| A2427 | Why animal howls (cries out) at night. |
| A2382 | Why animal is a hybrid. |
| A2542 | Why animal is cursed. |
| A2522 | Why animal is disliked. |
| A2523 | Why animal is evil. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2531 | Why animal is harmless. |
| A2524 | Why animal is pugnacious (brave, bold). |
| A2541 | Why animal is sacred. |
| A2521 | Why animal is sad. |
| A2306 | Why animal is slippery. |
| A2528 | Why animal is strong. |
| A2537 | Why animal is stupid. |
| A2534 | Why animal is timorous. |
| A2527 | Why animal is vain. |
| A2371.3 | Why animal lacks legs. |
| A2345.7 | Why animal lacks teeth. |
| A2341.3 | Why animal's mouth is closed. |
| A2341.2 | Why animal's mouth is large. |
| A2365.2.1 | Why animal's penis is large (long). |
| A2471.9 | Why animals always look down. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2525 | Why animals are deceptive. |
| A2526 | Why animals are unrestrained. |
| A2532 | Why animals are venomous. |
| A2471 | Why animals continually seek something. (See A2275.5.) |
| A2484 | Why animals crowd together seasonally. |
| A2435.2.1 | Why animals eat everything without salt. Zuсi: Handy JAFL XXXI 461. |
| A2378.1 | Why animals have tail. (See A2286.2.4.) |
| A2481 | Why animals hibernate. |
| A2436 | Why animals lack fire. Sent to steal fire but are lazy and fail. African (Fang): Tessman 18. |
| A2378.2 | Why animals lack tail. |
| A2486 | Why animals lay eggs as they do. (Cf. A2431, A2433.6.1.2.) |
| A2473 | Why animals lift their legs. |
| A2434.3 | Why animals live in certain countries. *Dh III 217ff. |
| A2482 | Why animals migrate. Dh III 257ff. |
| A2476 | Why animals move mouth, nose, etc. |
| A2477 | Why animals root in ground. |
| A2472 | Why animals ruminate. |
| A2475 | Why animals scent from distance. |
| A2483 | Why animals shed periodically. |
| A2453.1 | Why ant collects resin. (See A2221.4.) |
| A2355.1.2 | Why ant has small waist. (See A2214.2.)—India: *Thompson-Balys; Korea: Zong in-Sob No. 16, 35 No. 19. |
| A2432.1 | Why ant lives in ant-hill. Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 92 No. 97. |
| A2435.3.8 | Why ant-bear eats insects. Ila (Rhodesia): Smith and Dale 366 No. 16. |
| A2326.3.3 | Why antelope's antlers reach backward. Dh III 30. |
| A2433.5.5 | Why ants are lords of the bush. Africa (Ekoi): Talbot 400. |
| A2451.1 | Why ants carry large bundles. (See A2221.4.) |
| A2479.7 | Why ants fall upon every man. Africa (Cameroon): Mansfield 231. |
| A2584.2 | Why ants no longer live on the back of the hare. Korean: Zong in-Sob 33 No. 16. |
| A2411.1.5.1.1 | Why ape has red back. China: Eberhard FFC CXX 177 No. 119, 411 s.v. "Affenmutter". |
| A2353.1 | Why apia (bird) is flat-chested. Told wife that he was going away to dine. Was too late for his meal.—Ibo (Nigeria): Basden 278. |
| X661 | Why Arabians are liars. Hermes and his wagon of lies break down in Arabia. Wienert FFC LVI 39; Halm Aesop No. 141. |
| A2771.1 | Why ash-tree buds last. (See A2725.1.)—Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3222, Legends No. 324. |
| A2762.1 | Why aspen-leaves tremble.—*Fb "asp" IV 18a; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3105, Legends Nos. 203—213. |
| A2751.2.1 | Why aspen's bark is rough. (See A2734.1.) |
| A2423.1.4 | Why ass brays. (Cf. A2239.3.) |
| A2376.1.1 | Why ass does not have cloven hoof. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2356.2.7 | Why ass has cross on back (shoulders). (See A2221.1, A2239.6.)—England: Baughman. |
| A2325.3 | Why ass has long ears. Flemish: DeMeyer FFC XXXVII 86 No. 58b.; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3125, Legends No. 226. |
| A2537.2 | Why ass is stupid. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2495.2 | Why ass smells his own excrements. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2774.1 | Why ayikha-bush is firmly rooted. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1326 | Why babies die so easily. S. Am. Indian (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XL 103. |
| A2875 | Why babies have soft spots in head. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 507. |
| A2317.10 | Why baboon has bare place on back. (See A2213.2.3.) |
| A2441.1.2 | Why baboon walks on all fours. Hottentot: Bleek 36 No. 17. |
| A2411.1.5.2.1 | Why baboon's face and hands are black. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2378.9.2 | Why baboons have crooked tails. (See A2262.2.) |
| A1663.1 | Why Babylonians are round headed. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2771.4 | Why banana bears fruit from crown of tree. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2751.2.2 | Why bark of red willow is thin. Tahltan: Teit JAFL XXXII 223. |
| A2751.4.4 | Why bark of saja and tinsa is white. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2491.1 | Why bat flies by night. (See A2275.5.3.)—Dh III 267.—Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3170; Legends No. 271; Japanese: Ikeda. |
| A2317.8 | Why bat is bald. Dh I 95. |
| A2491.1.1 | Why bat sleeps by day. (See A2236.3.)—India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2426.1.6 | Why bats cry as they fly. New Guinea: Kerr 7. |
| A2793.1 | Why bean has black stripe. (See A2741.1.) |
| A2793.1.1 | Why beans bear everywhere. Chinese: Graham. |
| A2356.2.6 | Why bear has hump on back. Ojibwa: Jones JAFL XXIX 368. |
| A2378.4.2 | Why bear has short tail. (Cf. A2378.2.4.)—Loucheux: Barbeau JAFL XXVIII 256. |
| A2433.3.17 | Why bear lives where he does. Australian: Dixon 298 (trees); Kaska: Teit JAFL XXX 444 (mountains). |
| A2524.3 | Why bears attack men. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2353.4 | Why bears do not have breasts for nursing. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2371.2.4 | Why bears have short, crooked legs. Tahltan: Teit JAFL XXXII 217. |
| A2481.1 | Why bears hibernate. Dh III 257.—Finnish: Aarne FFC XXXIII 53 No. 78**. |
| A2378.7.1 | Why beaver has flat tail. (See A2247.6, A2241.10, A2378.1.6.) Dh III 51. |
| A2433.3.12 | Why beaver lives along rivers. Tahltan: Teit JAFL XXXII 246. |
| A2462.2 | Why beaver splashes his tail in water and dives when attacked. Quileute: Farrand JAFL XXXII 251. |
| A2305.2 | Why bedbug is flat. Korean: Zong in-Sob 36 No. 20. |
| A2332.6.9 | Why bee is blind. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2541.1 | Why bee is sacred. Dh I 215; Sébillot RTP III 158. |
| A2346.2 | Why bee's sting is no longer fatal to man. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2346.1 | Why bees die after they sting. (See A2232.2.)—Breton: Sébillot Incidents s.v. "abeilles"; Lithuanian: Balys Index 3204, Legends Nos. 296—300. |
| A2435.5.1.1 | Why bees eat their own children. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2435.5.1 | Why bees may not get honey from red clover. (See A2231.3.2.) |
| A2441.3.1 | Why beetle creeps on ground. (See A2232.3.)—Dh III 227. |
| A2433.5.4 | Why beetles live in manure. Pueblo: Parsons JAFL XXXI 245. |
| A1689.1 | Why Bhuiya yoke the cow and the bullock together to the plough. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2771.9 | Why big trees have small fruit. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2751.4.1 | Why birch has white bark. Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 94 No. 110; Flemish: DeMeyer FFC XXXVII 91 No. 132f. |
| A2776.1 | Why birch is cursed. Flemish: DeMeyer FFC XXXVII 91 No. 132d. |
| A2431.2 | Why bird has no nest. (See A2233.4.1.) |
| A2378.8.7 | Why bird has two beautiful feathers in his tail. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2343.2 | Why bird's beak is colored. |
| A2317.9 | Why bird's feet are bare. Dh II 261. |
| A2320.5 | Why bird's head is so large. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A2434.1.1 | Why birds are everywhere. India: Thompson-Balys; Tahltan: Teit JAFL XXXII 209. |
| A2492.2 | Why birds do not live in societies. New Guinea: Ker 77. |
| A1422.2 | Why Birhors eat flesh of monkeys and baboons. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2434.1.4 | Why black ants are everywhere. Zuсi: Handy JAFL XXXI 468. |
| A2511.1 | Why black bears are better eating than grizzly bears. Kaska: Teit JAFL XXX 448. |
| A2332.6.1 | Why blindworm has no eyes. (See A2241.5.) |
| A2434.1.2 | Why bluebirds are everywhere. Pueblo: Parsons JAFL XXXI 219. |
| A2752.1 | Why bombax tree has thorns. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2751.4.5 | Why broom-corn is covered with blood-red spots. Korean: Zong in-Sob 10 No. 3. |
| A1552.1 | Why brothers and sisters do not marry. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A2431.3.8.1 | Why brush turkey nests on the ground. New Guinea: Kerr 107. |
| A2793.9 | Why buckwheat produces twice a year. Chinese: Graham. |
| A2326.3.4 | Why buffalo's horns are bent. Dh III 30. |
| A2416.6 | Why bugs smell bad. Lappish: Qvigstad FFC LX 39 No. 62. |
| A2792.1 | Why bush holds on to passer-by. (See A2275.5.3, A2741.4.) |
| A2486.2 | Why bustard hatches but two eggs. (See A2284.2.) |
| A2433.5.6 | Why butterflies haunt urine-impregnated places. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2317.3 | Why buzzard is bald. Dh III 11.—Ojibwa: Skinner JAFL XXXII 282. |
| A2356.2.13 | Why camel has humped back. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2325.7 | Why camel has no ears. (Cf. A2232.1.)—Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2325.4 | Why camel has short ears. (See A2232.1.) |
| A2351.1 | Why camel's neck bends upwards. Dh III 35. |
| J2231 | Why can't we have holidays the year round? *Wesselski Hodscha Nasreddin I 222 No. 56. |
| A1683.4.1 | Why Canaanites go nude. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1661.3 | Why Canaanites have curly hair. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1666.1 | Why Canaanites have red eyes. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2391.1 | Why canary's eggs are yellow. (See A2219.1.)—Dh III 65. |
| C227.1 | Why cannibalism is out of vogue. New Guinea: Ker 13. |
| J1494 | Why captain takes lame and one-eyed soldiers into army. The lame cannot flee from the enemy; the one-eyed soldiers will not see enough to make them afraid. Spanish: Childers. |
| A2345.7.3 | Why caribou has no teeth. Eskimo (Cumberland Sound): Boas BAM XV 168, 306, (Central Eskimo): Boas RBAE VI 587, (Alaska): Jenness 80, (West Hudson Bay): Boas BAM XV 536, 554, (Labrador): Hawks GSCan XIV 160, (Bering Strait): Nelson RBAE XVIII 449, 460. |
| A2332.3.3 | Why caribou has small eyes. Eskimo (Labrador): Hawks GSCan XIV 161. |
| A2482.2 | Why caribou migrate. Tahltan: Teit JAFL XXXII 232. |
| A1445.2.1 | Why carpenters are found everywhere: flood scatters them on raft over world. Tonga: Gifford 201, Beckwith Myth 317. |
| A2281.3 | Why cat and dog fight: dog ate up cat's part in master's reward. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2495.1 | Why cat buries its excrements. Cyprus: Hadjioannou No. 9; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2545.2 | Why cat eats first. Lithuanian: Balys Legends No. 225; S. Carolina negro: Davis JAFL XXVII 244 (eats before washing). |
| A2356.2.3 | Why cat has arched back. Dh I 166, III 44. |
| A2325.6 | Why cat has jagged ears. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A2385.4 | Why cat hides its excreta. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2433.3.1.1 | Why cat keeps chimney-corner. (See A2223.1.) |
| A2421.8 | Why cat purrs. (Cf. A2236.8.) |
| A2479.6 | Why caterpillars climb trees. Marquesas: Handy 115. |
| A2326.2.1 | Why cats have no horns. See A2247; Dh III 125; Sébillot RTP II 491. |
| A2547 | Why certain animal is king. |
| A2434.2 | Why certain animals are absent from countries. *Dh III 217ff. |
| A2317 | Why certain animals are bare of covering. Dh III 10ff. |
| A2435.2.2 | Why certain animals are carnivorous. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2478 | Why certain animals are continually eating. (See A2231.1.1.) |
| A2494 | Why certain animals are enemies. *Dh III 324ff.—(See A2286.0.1.) —India: Thompson-Balys; Africa: Stanley 78, (Wakweli): Bender 88f. |
| A2434.1 | Why certain animals are found everywhere. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2582 | Why certain animals are plentiful. |
| A2561 | Why certain animals are sterile. |
| A2555 | Why certain animals are swift. |
| B792 | Why certain animals are thought of as good or bad. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2491 | Why certain animals avoid light. Dh III 266ff. |
| A2492 | Why certain animals go in herds. |
| A2513 | Why certain animals serve men. Dh III 249ff.—Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3108. |
| A2547.1 | Why certain bird is king of birds. India: Thompson-Balys; Ibo (Nigeria): Basden 281. |
| A2435.1.1 | Why certain birds may not drink out of river. (See A2233.1.1.) |
| A1599.13 | Why certain caste is kind to animals. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A2584.1 | Why certain district is free of mosquitoes. Korean: Zong in-Sob 58, No. 32. |
| A2356.2.4 | Why certain fish have bowed backs. Dh III 44. |
| A2764 | Why certain leaves are hollow. |
| A2763 | Why certain leaves have holes in them. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1683.4 | Why certain peoples go nude. |
| A1683.5 | Why certain peoples wear only loincloths. S. Am. Indian (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XL 94. |
| A2777 | Why certain plants (trees) are blessed. |
| A2776 | Why certain plants are cursed. |
| A2757 | Why certain reeds are hollow. Buddhist myth: Malalasekera II 36. |
| A975.2 | Why certain rock produces fire when struck with steel. |
| A2426.2.15 | Why certain species of eagle cries like a baby: spirit of tortured baby became an eagle. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2766 | Why certain tree bleeds. |
| A2788 | Why certain tree is hardy. |
| A2778 | Why certain tree is tall. |
| A2775 | Why certain trees are dwarfed. (See A2721.2.1.) |
| A2771.6 | Why certain willow tree bears fruit when fruit trees bear. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A2411.5.6.1 | Why chameleon can change his color. (Cf. A2223.8.) —Africa (Fang): Einstein 96, (Togo): Einstein 10f. |
| A1689.8 | Why Chapperbands coin false money for a living. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.9 | Why Chenchu women are ugly. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1361 | Why children are helpless for so long. Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 84 No. 36; Lithuanian: Balys Legends Nos. 43f.; Flemish: DeMeyer FFC XXXVII 83 No. 11c. |
| A1579.1 | Why children are not left alone in the house to sleep. Marquesas: Handy 51. |
| A1321.1 | Why children learn to walk later than animals. African (Cameroon): Mansfield 231, 237. |
| A2426.2.18.1 | Why cock crows on roof with neck stretched out. Korean: Zong in-Sob 25 No. 11. |
| A2489.1.1 | Why cock crows to greet sunrise. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A2422.10 | Why cock does not speak. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2527.1 | Why cock is vain and selfish. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A2433.4.2 | Why cock lives in town. (See A2250.1.)—Benga: Nassau 199 No. 29. |
| A2435.4.8.1 | Why cock scratches for food. Am. Negro: (Georgia) Harris Nights 56 No. 11. |
| A2489.1 | Why cock wakes man in morning. India: Thompson-Balys; Mpongwe: Nassau 58 No. 9. |
| A2433.5.7 | Why cockroaches live in houses. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2421.6 | Why cocks crow. Spanish: Boggs FFC XC 35 No. *205; Jewish: Neuman; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2778.1 | Why coconut tree is tall. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 98. |
| A2433.6.3.3 | Why common crab lives underground. Africa (Cameroon): Mansfield 224. |
| A2433.3.5 | Why coney lives among rocks. (See A2241.7.) |
| A2872 | Why coral is soft. Africa (Tonga): Gifford 136. |
| A2422.8 | Why cormorant cannot speak. (See A2344.2.5.)—Dh III 232f. |
| A2344.2.5 | Why cormorant has no tongue. (Cf. A2422.8.)—Dh III 28.—N. A. Indian: *Boas RBAE XXXI 678. |
| A2793.5.1 | Why corn does not yield in the middle. Chinese: Graham. |
| A2376.1 | Why cow has cloven hoof. Dh. III 47.—India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2345.7.1 | Why cow has no upper teeth. Chinese: Graham. |
| A2363.1 | Why cow has so few teats. Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 12 No. 63, (Cf. No. 48). |
| A2356.2.12 | Why cow's body has hollow on one side. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2326.3.1 | Why cows have two horns. (See A2286.2.3.) |
| A2472.1 | Why cows ruminate. (See A2231.1.1.)—Chinese: Graham. |
| A2335.4.4 | Why coyote has long muzzle. (See A2213.4.1.) |
| A2412.1.3 | Why coyote has yellow patch behind his ears. (See A2218.4.) |
| A2332.5.1 | Why coyote has yellowish eyes. Zuсi: Handy JAFL XXXI 461. |
| A2371.2.6 | Why coyote's right leg is thin. (See A2284.5.) |
| A2376.5 | Why crab has legs like teeth of a comb. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2320.4 | Why crab has no head. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2534.1 | Why crab is afraid in dark. Jamaica Negro: Beckwith MAFLS XVII 259 No. 54. |
| A2525.2 | Why crab is cunning. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2332.4.2 | Why crab lifts eye out of body or has eye behind. (See A2231.10, A2231.1.3.) |
| A2433.6.3.2 | Why crabs burrow in sand. New Guinea: Kerr 86. |
| A2433.6.3.1 | Why crabs live in water. Kaffir Kidd 249 No. 11; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2435.4.2 | Why crane suffers thirst. (See A2231.2.1.) |
| A2344.1.1.1 | Why crocodile has half a tongue. (Cf. A2239.7.)—India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2320.6 | Why crocodile has marks of water pot on head. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2344.1.1.2 | Why crocodile has no tongue. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2311.7 | Why crocodile has rough skin. (Cf. A2315.2.)—India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2344.1.1 | Why crocodile has short tongue. Dh III 28.—Jewish: Neuman; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2431.3.6.1 | Why crow cannot enter sparrow's nest. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2435.4.7.1 | Why crow eats excrement. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2378.4.7 | Why crow has short tail. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2522.5 | Why crow is disliked. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2431.3.6.3 | Why crow must build nests far from people's houses. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2317.4 | Why crow's head is bald. Dh III 13. |
| A2431.3.6.2 | Why crow's nest is not tightly built. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2442.2.2 | Why cuckoo flies with difficulty, and sings with wings spread. Sébillot RTP III 265. |
| A2431.2.1 | Why cuckoo has no nest. (See A2231.3.1.)—Dh III 177, 195, 200; India: Thompson-Balys; Lithuanian: Balys Legends Nos. 198f., 250, 270. |
| A2332.5.2 | Why cuckoo has red eyes. Sébillot RTP III 262. |
| A2371.4.1 | Why curlew has red legs. Australian: Dixon 292. |
| A2371.2.12 | Why daddy-long-legs has long legs. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2578.1 | Why daddy-long-legs has long life. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1599.7 | Why dagger must be always cleaned on the inside of the robe. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1155 | Why days lengthen in spring. Flemish: DeMeyer FFC XXXVII 83 No. 9d. |
| A1156 | Why days shorten in autumn: the real sun sets very early because the red cockscomb plant, used to kill his brother sun with, grows to its full height during this time.—India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2326.1.1.1 | Why deer has antlers: as reward for not cheating. Jewish: Neuman; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2335.2.1 | Why deer has white mark on nose. From white ashes. Dh III 79. |
| A2461.4 | Why deer run, stop, and run on again (defense). Quileute: Farrand JAFL XXXII 251. |
| A2475.1 | Why deer scent people from distance. Sinkyone: Kroeber JAFL XXXII 346. |
| A2378.9.4 | Why deer's tail tastes like liver. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A2371.2.9 | Why diver (loon) holds legs backward. (See A2215.6.) |
| A2471.4 | Why diver always looks at sea. (See A2275.5.3.). |
| A2426.1.5 | Why dog barks after thief. India: Thompson-Balys. |
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